しかし、実際には、Jerome P. Kassirer先生らの決断分析に始まる臨床認知の探求は1970年代に端を発している。そして、1978年には、 "Clinical problem solving"なる言葉を使い始めた。NLPの開発と同じようにプロの臨床推理を観察し、当初は、何らかのアルゴリズム化を考えていた節がある。しかし、次第に、その研究過程が、そのまま医学教育に有効なことを見いだしていったようだ。
以後のCPSとNEJMにまつわる変遷を箇条書きに記しておく。
- 1985年から1991年まで"Hospital Clinical"誌に78回にわたり連載。
- 1991年5月、Learning Clinical Reasoning 第一版出版。
- 1992年1月、NEJM誌に連載開始。
- 2005年11月3日、NEJM誌、ポッドキャスト配信開始。
- 2009年9月10日、Interactive Medical Case開始。
- 2009年9月11日、Learning Clinical Reasoning 第二版出版。NEJMでの連載分の症例を追加し、先輩シリーズに当たるCPCに関する記述も認められる。
For teaching clinical problem solving, the CPC mode has several disadvantages. First, retrospective bias has a powerful influence on the problem-solving practices of participants. Merely knowing which tests and treatments were selected and which laboratory tests were positive or negative gives major clues to the thinking of the clinicians caring for the patient. Second, the availability of all the data inhibits a clinician from discussing his or her rationale for collecting such data. In addition, a CPC discussant is always looking for "zebras" and often fails to consider the actual prevalence of diseases likely to be encountered.
Finally, the sequence of materials should be clinically logical. If an expert clinician might immediately order a CT scan of the head of for an alcoholic or AIDS patient with new neurologic findings, there is no need to insert a lot of extraneous clinical material before giving the results of the CT scan. If a good clinician chose to order a serum potassium and thyroid function studies in a young Asian man who presented with muscle weakness, it would be appropriate to present the data in that sequence. Failing to follow the logical sequence of the diagnostic ( or therapeutic ) process may stifle the discussion.
- 2011年9月14日、クリニカル・リーズニング・ラーニング出版。
- 2012年4月、NEJM誌iPadアプリリリース。
References
- Schwartz WB et al. Decision analysis and clinical judgment. Am J Med. 1973 Oct;55(3):459-72.
- Gorry GA et al. Decision analysis as the basis for computer-aided management of acute renal failure. Am J Med. 1973 Oct;55(3):473-84.
- Kassirer JP et al. The principles of clinical decision making: an introduction to decision analysis. Yale J Biol Med. 1976 May; 49(2): 149–164.
- Pauker SG et al. Towards the simulation of clinical cognition. Taking a present illness by computer. Am J Med. 1976 Jun;60(7):981-96.
- Kassirer JP et al. Clinical problem solving: a behavioral analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1978 Aug;89(2):245-55.
- Kassirer JP et al. Toward a theory of clinical expertise. Am J Med. 1982 Aug;73(2):251-9.
- Moskowitz AJ, et al. Dealing with uncertainty, risks, and tradeoffs in clinical decisions. A cognitive science approach. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Mar;108(3):435-49.
- Jerome P. Kassirer, Clinical Problem-Solving — A New Feature in the Journal. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:60-61
- McMahon GT, et al. Interactive medical cases-A new journal features. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(11): 1113.
- Edward W. Campion, et al. The Journal's App for the iPad. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1342